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Invasion of privacy. The intrusion into the personal life of another, without just cause, which can give the person whose privacy has been invaded a right to bring a lawsuit for damages against the person or entity that intruded.
Invasion of privacyn. The intrusion into the personal life of another, without just cause, which can give the person whose privacy has been invaded a right to bring a lawsuit for damages against the person or entity that intruded. However, public personages are not protected in most situations, since they have placed themselves already within the public eye, and their activities (even personal and sometimes intimate) are considered newsworthy, i.e. Of legitimate public interest.
However, an otherwise non-public individual has a right to privacy from: 1) intrusion on one's solitude or into one's private affairs; 2) public disclosure of embarrassing private information; 3) publicity which puts him/her in a false light to the public; 4) appropriation of one's name or picture for personal or commercial advantage. Lawsuits have arisen from magazine articles on obscure geniuses, use of a wife's name on a hospital insurance form to obtain insurance payment for delivery of a mistress' baby, unauthorized use of a girl's photo to advertise a photographer, and 'tabloid' journalism treatment of people as freaks. There are also numerous instances of governmental invasion of privacy such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation compiling files on people considered as political opponents, partially corrected by the passage of the Freedom of Information Act in 1966. The right to privacy originated with an article in the Harvard Law Review in the 1890s written by lawyers 'Bull' Warren and future Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis.Want to thank TFD for its existence?, add a link to this page, or visit.Link to this page: invasion of privacy.
This article possibly contains. Please by the claims made and adding. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( April 2013) An invasion is a in which large numbers of of one aggressively enter owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either conquering; liberating or re-establishing control or authority over a territory; forcing the partition of a country; altering the established or gaining concessions from said government; or a combination thereof. An invasion can be the cause of a, be a part of a larger strategy to end a war, or it can constitute an entire war in itself.
Due to the large scale of the operations associated with invasions, they are usually in planning and execution. A defensive wall, the.States with potentially hostile neighbors typically adopt to delay or forestall an invasion. In addition to utilizing geographical barriers such as, or rugged, these measures have historically included. Such a defense can be intended to actively prevent invading forces from entering the country by means of an extended and well-defended barrier; the, and the are famous examples.
Such barriers have also included lines and, in more modern times,. However, these barriers can require a large military force to provide the defense, as well as maintain the equipment and positions, which can impose a great burden on the country. Some of those same techniques can also be turned against defenders, used to keep them from escape or resupply. During, used airdropped mines to severely disrupt logistical operations within their own borders. View from.Alternatively, the fortifications can be built up at a series of sites, such as or forts placed near a border.
These structures are designed to delay an invasion long enough for the defending nation to mobilize an army of a size sufficient for defense or, in some cases, counter-invasion—such as, for example, the. Forts can be positioned so that the can interdict the of the invaders. The theory behind these spaced forts is that the invader cannot afford to bypass these defenses, and so must lay to the structures. The view from a battery at Ouvrage Schoenenbourg in; notice the retractable turret in the left foreground.In modern times, the notion of constructing large-scale static defenses to combat land-based threats has largely become obsolete. The use of precision air campaigns and large-scale have made lighter, more mobile defenses desirable to military planners. The obsolescence of large fortifications was displayed by the failure of the in the beginning of World War Two.
Nations defending against modern invasions normally use large population centers such as or as defensive points. The invader must capture these points to destroy the defender's ability to wage war. The defender uses mobile and divisions to protect these points, but the defenders are still very mobile and can normally retreat. A prominent example of the use of cities as fortifications can be seen in the 's stands in the at, and in the major combat in the.
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A defender can also use these mobile assets to precipitate a counteroffensive like the at the or the in. However, static emplacements remain useful in both defense against naval attacks. Is still an inexpensive but effective way to defend and choke off supply lines. Large static air defense systems that combine antiaircraft guns with are still the best way to defend against air attacks. Such systems were used effectively by the around. Also, the has invested considerable time and money into the construction of a system, a static defense grid intended to intercept nuclear. , such as the or, and continental states with extensive, such as the United States, have utilized a significant presence to forestall an invasion of their country, rather than fortifying their border areas.
A successful naval defense, however, usually requires a preponderance of naval power and the ability to sustain and service that defense force. In particularly large nations, the defending force may also to facilitate a by drawing the invaders deeper into hostile territory. One effect of this tactic is that the invading force becomes too spread out, making supply difficult and making the lines more susceptible to attack. This tactic, although costly, helped the Soviets stop the German advance at. It can also cause the invading force to extend too far, allowing a to cut them off from reinforcements. This was the cause of the British defeat at the during the. Finally, sending too many reinforcements can leave too few defenders in the attackers' territory, allowing a counter-invasion from other areas, as happened in the.Methods.
German troops march through Warsaw, Poland in 1939 during theThere are many different methods by which an invasion can take place, each method having arguments both in their favour and against. These include invasion by land, sea, or air, or any combination of these methods.Invasion by land Invasion over land is the straightforward entry of into an area using existing land connections, usually crossing or otherwise defined zones, such as a, overwhelming defensive emplacements and structures. Although this tactic often results in a quick victory, troop movements are relatively slow and subject to disruption by terrain and weather. Furthermore, it is hard to conceal plans for this method of invasion, as most geopolitical entities take defensive positions in areas that are most vulnerable to the methods mentioned above. In modern warfare, invasion by land often takes place after, or sometimes during, attacks on the target by other means. Air strikes and launched from ships at sea are a common method of 'softening' the target.
Other, more subtle, preparations may involve secretly garnering popular support, potentially threatening political or military figures, and closing off supply lines where they cross into neighboring countries. In some cases, those other means of attack eliminate the need for ground assault; the 1945 atomic-bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ultimately made it unnecessary for the Allies to invade the Japanese home islands with infantry troops. In cases such as this, while some ground troops are still needed to occupy the conquered territory, they are allowed to enter under the terms of a and as such are no longer invaders. As unmanned, long-range combat evolves, the instances of basic overland invasion become fewer; often the conventional fighting is effectively over before the infantry arrives in the role of peacekeepers (see ' in this article). Invasion by sea. An carrying ashore during theInvasion by sea is the use of a body of water to facilitate the entry of armed forces into an area, often a landmass adjoining the body of water or an island.
This is generally used either in conjunction with another method of invasion, and especially before the, for cases in which there is no other method to enter the territory in question. Arguments in favor of this method usually consist of the ability to perform a surprise attack from sea, or that naval defenses of the area in question are inadequate to repel such an attack. However, the large amount of specialized equipment, such as and the difficulty of establishing defenses—usually with a resulting high —in exchange for a relatively small gain, are often used as arguments against such an invasion method.
Underwater hazards and a lack of good cover are very common problems during invasions from the sea. At the, landing craft became hung up on a and were from the beach.
Other landers were sunk before they could reach the shore, and the they were carrying were stranded in the water. Most of the few survivors of the first wave ended up pinned down on the beach. The island was conquered but at a heavy cost, and the loss of life sparked mass protests from civilians in the United States.Invasion by air.
Thousands of descend during in September 1944.Invasion by air is an invention of the 20th century. The idea involves sending military units into a territory. The aircraft either land, allowing the military units to debark and attempt their objective, or the troops exit the aircraft while still in the air, using or similar devices to land in the territory being invaded.
Many times air assaults have been used to pave the way for a ground- or sea-based invasion, by taking key positions deep behind enemy lines such as bridges and crossroads, but an entirely air-based invasion has never succeeded. Two immediate problems are resupply and reinforcement.
A large airborne force cannot be adequately supplied without meeting up with ground forces; an airborne force too small simply places themselves into an immediate envelopment situation. Arguments in favor of this method generally relate to the ability to target specific areas that may not necessarily be easily accessible by land or sea, a greater chance of surprising the enemy and overwhelming defensive structures, and, in many cases, the need for a reduced number of forces due to the element of surprise. Arguments against this method typically involve capacity to perform such an invasion—such as the sheer number of planes that would be needed to carry a sufficient number of troops—and the need for a high level of in order for the invasion to be successful. The closest examples to a true air invasion are the, (the second operation during the ). The latter was an assault on the German-occupied conducted in September 1944. Nearly 35,000 men were dropped by parachute and into enemy territory in an attempt to capture bridges from the Germans and make way for the Allies' advance. However, even with such a massive force taking the Germans completely by surprise, the assault was a tactical failure and after 9 days of fighting the Allies managed only to escape back to their own lines, having sustained over 18,000 casualties.
In the 21st century, as vast improvements are made in anti-aircraft defenses, it seems that the air invasion is a strategy whose time may never come.Pacification. Forces distribute information leaflets on the streets of in May 2003.Once political boundaries and military lines have been breached, of the region is the final, and arguably the most important, goal of the invading force. After the defeat of the regular military, or when one is lacking, continued opposition to an invasion often comes from civilian or paramilitary. Complete pacification of an occupied country can be difficult, and usually impossible, but popular support is vital to the success of any invasion. Media such as leaflets, books, and radio broadcasts can be used to encourage resistance fighters to surrender and to dissuade others from joining their cause.
Pacification, often referred to as 'the winning of hearts and minds', reduces the desire for civilians to take up resistance. This may be accomplished through, allowing conquered citizens to participate in their government, or, especially in impoverished or besieged areas, simply by providing food, water, and shelter. Sometimes displays of military might are used; invading forces may assemble and parade through the streets of conquered towns, attempting to demonstrate the futility of any further fighting. These displays may also include public of enemy soldiers, resistance fighters, and other conspirators.
Particularly in antiquity, the death or imprisonment of a popular leader was sometimes enough to bring about a quick surrender. However, this has often had the unintended effect of creating around which popular resistance can rally. An example of which was Sir, who, centuries after his execution by the English, is still a symbol of nationalism. Support Logistics Without a steady flow of supplies, an invading force will soon find itself retreating. Before his invasion of, spent three years amassing supplies from all over Asia; wrote that the army was so large it 'drank the rivers dry'.In most invasions, even in modern times, many fresh supplies are gathered from the invaded territories themselves. Before the, invaders often relied heavily on the supplies they would win by conquering towns along the way.
During the, for example, diverted his army to conquer cities simply to gather supplies; his strategy in crossing the necessitated traveling with as few provisions as possible, expecting the stores to sustain them when they had breached the border. The tactics used in Russia forced to withdraw his forces due to lack of food and shelter. Today, the forbids and the confiscation of private property, but local supplies, particularly perishables, are still purchased when possible for use by occupying forces, and airplanes often use parachutes to drop supplies to besieged forces. Even as rules become stricter, the necessities of war become more numerous; in addition to food, shelter, and ammunition, today's militaries require fuel, batteries, spare mechanical parts, electronic equipment, and many other things. In the United States, the employs over 22,000 civilians with the sole task of logistics support, and 30,000 soldiers graduate from the each year. Communication.
A mobile satellite communications centerAnother consideration is the importance of leadership being able to communicate with the invasion force. In ancient times, this often meant that a king needed to lead his armies in person to be certain his commands were timely and followed, as in the case of (356–323 BCE).
At that time, the skills needed to lead troops in battle were as important as the skills needed to run a country during peacetime. When it was necessary for the king to be elsewhere, messengers would relay updates back to the rear, often on horseback or, in cases such as the (490 BCE), with swift runners.
When possible, and were used to relay information by sea. Brought Britain the first news that had defeated the French forces at the in 1805. The development of, and later of voice communications by radio and satellite, have allowed even small units of skirmishers to remain in contact with a larger invasion force, to verify orders or to call for artillery support and air strikes. These communications were critical to the German strategy, as infantry commanders relayed defensive positions to tanks and bombers.
Public relations In diplomatic, public-relations and propaganda terms, it may help an invader (or a potential invader) to have an invitation as an excuse to intervene with a view to 'restoring order' or 'righting wrongs'. Dissident groups, or official circles may conspire to 'call in' foreign assistance. Bagnall, Nigel (1990).
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